September 17, 1997 PRELIMINARY NOTE The article below is reprinted here for its useful explanations and current price/performance tables for many FCC Part 15, no-licence radio products. It is aimed at making the case for the value to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in using wireless devices (beyond very short range wireless LANS.) However it should be understood that the author used a 'minimum' criteria for selection, that excluded radios below LAN speeds. Accordingly the reader should take note of the fact that the author is describing the value of wireless to an ISP's CORPORATE (or 'institutional') customers, not end personal computer users. There are families of radios which can serve such needs, and it is a little too extreme to hold that unless an institutional customer needs at least more than 512Kbps in throughput, that a lesser wireless-speed connection is of little value. Our (NSF) findings are that many small organizations (schools, branch offices, libraries, businesses) would be well served if they could get from 56Kbps to 384Kbps in throughput by wireless. Especially rural customers. So radios such as FreeWave, Young Designs, GRE and others, which deliver such speeds, at less per unit cost than those shown, should not be ignored by readers trying to survey the whole useful range of Dave Hughes Principal Investigator NSF Wireless Field Tests dave@oldcolo.com http://wireless.oldcolo.com WIRELESS SOLUTIONS FOR THE INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER Previously unreliable and expensive, wireless is rapidly becoming a practical alternative for connecting corporate customers to the Internet. by Dennis Klein, Special to Communications News Reprinted by Permission There are currently more than 4,500 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in the U.S., and the number is increasing daily. Customer demand is high, but it's a very competitive business. Flat-rate monthly pricing has made the traditional dial-up market much less lucrative than it was just 3 or 4 years ago, and many ISPs are now turning to other ways of improving their revenue and profitability. These alternatives include marketing to corporate America, with offerings such as comprehensive web site hosting, LA N-to-Internet service, as well as nationwide access to virtual private networks (VPNs) for telecommuters and mobile employees. The problem with these new service offerings is that corporate customers need high-speed access, and they typically want them as soon as they're ready to order them. Unfortunately, the downside of the Internet era is the overload it has placed on telcos and other network service providers. In many areas of the country, ordering ISDN or dedicated T1 (or fractional T1) lines means a wait of several weeks before installation, and consequent delays in implementation of business-critical applications. What's more, installation costs are not insignificant. One recent example of pricing for various dedicated-line services within the Los Angeles area is shown in Table 1. In all the cases shown, the lead time for installation was about 4 weeks. Table 1. Dedicated-Line Pricing in the Los Angeles Area (June 1997) ADN ISDN Fractional T1 T1 Speed 56Kbps 128Kbps 384Kbps 1.544Mbps Monthly fee $125 $285 $535 $635 Installation fee $750 $1,009 $1,009 $1,009 (per end) Fortunately, a new alternative is emerging for the ISP, in the form of wireless solutions (Figures 1 and 2). Fixed point-to-point wireless data links are certainly not new; but until recently, the combination of high bandwidth, metropolitan area coverage, and secure, reliable communications was simply not achievable. However, advances in spread-spectrum radio technology during the past couple of years have extended the practical line-of-sight range for reliable data throughput rates of 512 Kbps, to as mu ch as 20 miles. Several vendors claim still higher throughputs and/or ranges, with some higher-priced offerings even approaching Ethernet speeds. These are the kind of numbers that are appealing to an ISP for provisioning corporate accounts - given, of course, that the other numbers (dollars) are also palatable! Figure 1. Point-to-Point Wireless Link CUSTOMER ISP ( ) Mast and | --> | Mast and Antenna | <-- | Antenna | | _ /_ _\__ |____| |____| bridge or bridge or ISPs Customer LAN <- router router -> Internet Access Figure 2. Point-Multipoint Wireless Link ( | | _ /_ < Customer 1 LAN <-|____| \ \ LOCAL \ ISP ( \ ) | \ | | < - - - - - - > | _ /_ / | ISPs Customer 2 LAN <-|____| / _\__ Internet / |____| -> Access / ( / | / | < _ /_ Customer 3 LAN <-|____| Spread-spectrum transmission is one of two possible choices. The other is narrow band. The drawbacks to narrow band transmission are that it requires an FCC license (or equivalent, in other countries), and that it is not innately secure. The frequency bands allocated for spread-spectrum transmission are unlicensed because of the inherent non-interfering properties of spread-spectrum. As the name implies, data is not carried at a fixed frequency, but is spread over a defined frequency spectrum. Figure 3 contrasts narrow band transmission with the two different forms of spread-spectrum transmission - 'frequency-hopping' and 'direct sequence'. This somewhat simplified diagram shows that a frequency-hopper continually changes the transmission frequency according to a pseudo-random pattern known to both the transmitter and receiver. A 'slow-hopper' sends several bytes of data between hops, whereas a 'fast-hopper' makes several hops per data bit. Obviously, a fast-hopper is more immune to interferen ce than a slow-hopper, since each data bit is effectively transmitted at several frequencies in the former case, but at only a single frequency in the latter. Interfering noise is typically focused at a single frequency, and is therefore more likely to 'destroy' bits from a slow-hopper transmitter than from a fast-hopper. So why not use fast-hopper technology all the time? Because it's complex to implement and correspondingly expensive. The direct sequence technique resolves the issue of how to maximize noise rejection while maintaining low cost. By modulating the data signal with a pseudo-random noise pattern that changes continually according to a defined sequence, each bit of data (or, more correctly, each 'symbol') is effectively transmitted at several different frequencies at once. This process is referred to as 'chipping' - each symbol being divided into multiple chips. As with frequency hopping, the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to the same pseudo-random sequence. Referring again to figure 3, it is clear that direct-sequence transceivers are the most immune to interfering noise, since they offer the highest degree of data redundancy. The second inherent advantage of spread-spectrum transmission is security. Clearly, narrow band transmission is accessible to any receiver tuned to the appropriate frequency. Unless the data itself is encrypted, an 'airwaves thief' could easily steal precious corporate data. Not so, in the case of spread-spectrum - especially direct-sequence spread-spectrum - in which the transmitter and receiver must be utilizing the same spreading code, and must be fully in sync with one another, before any meaningful data can be recognized by the receiver. The more spreading codes that are available and the greater the spread code length, the less likely it is that an airwaves thief could steal data from a spread-spectrum transmission. Table 3 identifies several companies that offer spread-spectrum wireless solutions purported to meet the criteria that are of interest to the ISP. In particular, the products shown are all specified as capable of transmitting at a throughput rate of at least 512 Kbps (aggregate) over a range of 10 miles (16 Km) or greater, at a bit error rate (BER) no worse than 10-6. The claims made vary widely, and tend to represent the performance figures that can be achieved under ideal conditions. In practice, a num ber of factors affect actual performance, including path obstructions, external interference sources, data packet sizes, and so on. The ability of each product to deal with these factors will determine its true capabilities. Let's take a look at some of the relevant product characteristics. Figure 3. Simplified Comparison of Transmission Techniques Narrow Band Frequency | Fixed Frequency | |---------------------- | |______________________Time Spread Spectrum - Frequency Hopping | _ _ | _ | | _ | | Fast Hopper - several hops per bit |_ | | | | _ | | | | Slow Hopper - several bytes per hop | |_| |_| | | | | |_| | | |_| | | | |_____________|_|______Time Spread Spectrum - Direct Sequence | - - - - - -- - - Each symbol transmitted as multiple |- --- - - - --- - -- -- 'chips' | - - -- - -- - -- - - - - IEEE 802.11 limited to 11 chips |-- - - - -- - - -- -- --- per symbol with code sequence | -- - -- - -- - - --- -- repetition for each symbol |- - -- - -- - - - - -- - Other implementations use more |______________________Time chips per symbol and longer code sequences Many of the units that operate at modulation rates up to 2 Mbps use direct sequence spreading similar to that described in the IEEE 802.11 standard. According to this standard, one can think of a symbol as being constituted of eleven chips. The pseudo-random noise pattern used in the chipping process repeats itself every symbol, which is somewhat limiting with regard to both the resulting interference rejection and security properties. Unfortunately, the 802.11 standard was developed over a number of year s, and reflects the technology capabilities that existed at its inception. In practice, newer products that can implement more advanced chipping algorithms (such as those offered by Glenayre and newcomer RadioConnect) exhibit superior performance under marginal conditions, since their interference rejection abilities reduce the percentage of packet re-transmissions necessitated by external noise sources. Packet size is another important factor, since most radio systems operate in half-duplex mode. That means the receiver is off while the transmitter is on, and vice-versa. During turnaround from transmit to receive, or receive to transmit, there is an inherent delay while the two ends re-establish synchronization. (When a transmitter and receiver are out of sync, they are at different points in the spreading code sequence. A good analogy is to imagine two people each of whom has a copy of the same book. On e person is reading out loud from page 3 of the book, while the other is trying to find the passage being read - but is looking on page 27! The two could easily get into sync, if the reader were to preface his speech by first announcing the page from which he was about to read.) When short packets are transmitted, the turnaround frequency is obviously higher than with long packets, and hence throughput degrades. There are three methods by which vend ors can address this issue: 1. Avoid sending short data packets, by aggregating shorter packets into longer ones. 2. Minimize turnaround delay, by minimizing re-synchronization time. 3. Operate in true full-duplex mode, by using different frequency channels in each direction. An ISP needs to be concerned about this issue, because most of the traffic on the Internet is carried in packets of less than 100 bytes length. Karlnet (which OEM's its software to several vendors), Wave Wireless and others have implemented packet aggregation techniques that result in average airwaves packet lengths closer to 1500 bytes, significantly reducing degradation due to turnaround. RadioConnect Corporation and Glenayre have opted for approaches 2 and 3 respectively. RadioConnect uses a patented t echnique which allows them to include error checking and correction as a native part of their airwaves protocol, while reducing the turnaround delay time to less than 10 microseconds. Glenayre's technique is optimal in the sense that turnaround delays are completely eliminated; however, their full-duplex operation is restricted to point-to-point only. To summarize with regard to performance, the customer is well-advised to evaluate actual throughput and range capabilities, before commiting to a particular wireless product. This advice is given on the basis of a number of past product reviews and customer experiences that reveal actual results can be as low as 20% of claimed performance, under unfavorable environmental conditions. Let's now turn to the question of cost-effectiveness. Both wired and wireless services require some initial investment of capital for terminating equipment and installation fees. In the case of wired services, the terminating equipment comprises analog or digital modems (e.g. CSU/DSUs or ISDN terminal adapters), plus appropriate network connectivity devices such as bridges or routers. Frequently, these two functions are combined into a single unit. Similarly, a wireless link requires the wireless system itself, plus the network connectivity device. Again, these functions may be combined, as is clear from the terminology 'wireless bridge' or 'wireless bridge/router' used in Table 3. Products shown in the table as having only a serial interface are, in effect, wireless modems, and they require a separate bridge or bridge/router. So, direct comparisons can be drawn between equipment costs for wired and wireless systems. Installation fees are less easy to compare, since they are highly dependent on location in both the wired and wireless cases. Typically, for wired service, these fees run from $500 to $1,500 per end (as illustrated by the example shown in Table 1). The corresponding fee range for installation of wireless equipment is $150 to $1,200, provided that a line-of-sight link can be established without the (considerably more expensive) need to construct towers for the antennas. The key difference between wired and wireless implementations is that the former requires recurring monthly payments to the service provider, whereas the only recurring service fee for wireless links may be a nominal monthly maintenance cost. As in the case of installation fees, wire line monthly service fees vary substantially in different parts of the country, so no general conclusion can be drawn regarding the break-even point for wireless vs. wired costs. Nonetheless, we can use the data cited previou sly to gain some insight as to when wireless becomes a viable-cost alternative, for the ISP. Suppose that: For a wire line system: For a radio system: Iw = Installation fee (per end) Ir = Installation fee (per end) Ew = Equipment cost (per end) Er = Equipment cost (per end) Mw = Monthly service fee Mr = Monthly maintenance fee And that 'n' is the number of months to reach break-even. Then: 2Iw + 2Ew + nMw = 2Ir + 2Er + nMr A useful question for an ISP to ask is "How much should I be prepared to spend on a wireless system, if I would like to start seeing financial benefits after 1 year?". From the equation (with n = 12), the answer is: Er = 6(Mw - Mr) + Ew + Iw - Ir Table 2 shows assumptions and results for sample pricing models comparing wireless solutions and wired solutions at throughputs of 128 Kbps (ISDN), 512 Kbps (fractional T1), and 1.544 Mbps (full T1). The choice of bridges at 128 Kbps, versus bridge/routers at the higher speeds, was not driven by necessity (bridging is all that is needed to satisfy the ISP requirement), but rather by the type of products currently available. Table 2. Sample Pricing Comparison for One-Year Break-Even 128 Kbps 512 Kbps 1.544 Mbps Wired Solution ISDN bridge FT1 router with T1 router with CSU/DSU CSU/DSU -------------- Terminating equip (Ew) $500 $1,200 $1,500 Circuit install (Iw) $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 Mnthly circuit fees (Mw) $285 $550 $635 Wireless Solution Wireless Wireless Wireless ----------------- bridge/router bridge/router Antenna install(Ir) $200 $200 $500 Monthly maint. (Mr) $20 $20 $20 Terminating equip (Er) $2,890 $5,180 $5,690 Conclusions Comparing the products shown in Table 3 against the pricing constraints suggested by Table 2, the products listed below - in ascending price order - appear to be good choices for the ISP in need of a wireless solution. The group of higher priced, higher throughput products shown in Table 3 may certainly be of interest to some larger ISPs who have T3 access to the Internet (45 Mbps), but they are probably not suitable for the majority. 128 Kbps throughput (< $2,900 for wireless bridge) Both products in this category can be used in point-multipoint configurations, to support multiple users concurrently, each at 128 Kbps or greater. * RadioConnect - RadioWire Bridge $2,100 * Wi-LAN - Hopper plus (915 MHz) Bridge $2,500 512 Kbps throughput (< $5,200 for wireless bridge) * RadioConnect - RadioWire Bridge $2,100 * Wi-LAN - Hopper plus (915 MHz) Bridge $2,500 * Wi-LAN - Hopper plus (2.4 GHz) Bridge $3,045 * Utilicom - LongRanger 2020 $2,900+br * Aironet - BR2000 Wireless Bridge $3,455 * Solectek - AIRLAN 200/203-E Bridge $3,495 * Digital Ocean - Skyway Bridge $3,895 * Karlnet - Karlbridge $3,900 * C-Spec - OverLAN Wireless Bridge/Router $4,990 1.5 Mbps throughput (< $5,700 for wireless bridge) * Wi-LAN - Hopper plus (2.4 GHz) Bridge $3,045 * Solectek - AIRLAN 200/203-E Bridge $3,495 * Digital Ocean - Skyway Bridge $3,895 * Aironet - BR2040 Wireless Bridge $4,505 * C-Spec - OverLAN Wireless Bridge/Router $4,990 [NOTE - all the information for each product will not fit on a computer screen. So the first 6 items for each product is in the section below, and the last 6 are in the section following. They are keyed to the line # and Product name] Product Comparison Table 3, Part 1 Thruput at Range # Company Product Type Band 10 miles* at 512k* Power Price 1. Aironet BR2040 DS 2.4Ghz 2.7Mbps 25mi 100mW $4,500 2. Aironet BR2000 DS 2.4Ghz 1.2Mbps 25mi 100mW $3,455 3. BreezeC BreezeLNK FH 2.4Ghz 768kbps 12mi 50mW $6,020 4. C-Spec Overlan DS 915Mhz 1.8Mbps 10mi 200mW $4,990 5. C-Spec Overlan DS 2.4Ghz 1.8Mbps 10mi 32mW $4,990 6. C-Spec OV RF-10 DS 2.4Ghz 6.8Mbps 10mi 25mW $10,490 7. Cylink AL 512S DS 2.4Ghz 512kbps 31mi 650mW $5,400 8. Cylink APro T1 DS 5.8Ghz 1.544Mbps 24mi 100mW $8,390 9. Cylink APro E1 DS 5.8Ghz 2.048Mbps 22mi 100mW $8,390 10 DigOcean SkyWyBrid DS 2.4Ghz 2.7Mbps 25mi 100mW $3,895 11 DTS SkyplexI DS 2.4Ghz 512Kbps 50mi 650mW $5,500 12 DTS SkyplexII DS 2.4Ghz 2.048Mbps 40mi 500mW $8,500 13 Glenayre Lynx.sc2T1 DS 2.4Ghz 1.544Mbps >50mi 1000mW $7,800 Lynx.sc2E1 2.048Mbps 14 Glenayre Lynx.sc6T1 DS 5.8Ghz 1.544Mbps >50mi 200mW $8,300 Lynx.sc6E1 2.048Mbps 15 Glenayre Lynx.sc2fr DS 2.4Ghz 512Kbps >50mi 1000mW $5,500 Lynx.sc6fr 5.8Ghz 200mW 16 Karlnet KarlBrdge DS 915Mhz 1 Mbps 12mi 250mW $3,900 17 P-Com Model100-2 DS 2.4Ghz 2.048Mbps 30mi 500mW $7,900 Model100-5 5.8Ghz 18 RadiConn RadioWire DS 2.4Ghz 640kbps 25mi 355mW $2,100 19 Solectek AIRLN200E DS 2.4Ghz 1.7Mbps 25mi 100mW $3,495 20 Solectek AIRLN203E DS 915Mhz 1.7Mbps 25mi 100mW $3,495 21 Solectek AL1000-ES DS 2.4Ghz 6.5Mbps 25mi 31.6mW $9,395 22 Utilicom LngRngr DS/FH915Mhz 512Kbps 30mi 100mW $2,900 23 WaveWirlss SpeedLan DS 2.4Ghz 8 Mbps 25mi 20mW $11,500 24 Wi-Lan HopperPlus DS 915Mhz 1.3Mbps 31mi 500mW $2,500 25 Wi-Lan HopperPlus DS 2.4Ghz 1.6Mbps 31mi 100mW $3,045 Table 3, Part 2 (keyed to numbers above) Product Rec Sensit* Spread Code Gain Config Interfa Notes 1. BR2040 -75dBm 1 set of an 11dB P to P Ethernt 1,4 at 4Mbps 11-chip code P to MP TokenR 2 BR2000 -82dBm 1 set of an 11dB PP,MP Ethernt 1,4 at 2Mbps 11-chip code TokenR 3. BreezLINK -86dBm 6 sets code N/A PP V35,X.21 1 79 channels RS-530 4. Overlan915 -78dBm 1 set of an 11dB PP,MP Ethernt 2,4,5 11 chip code 5. Overlan2.4 -80dBm 1 set of an 11dB PP,MP Ethernt 2,4,5 11 chip code 6. OverlnRF-10 -86dBm 8 sets of 11dB PP,MP Ethernt 3,5 32-chip codes 7. AirLnk512S -86dBm N/A >10dB PP V11,RS530 1 8. AirPro T1 -80dBm N/A >10dB PP DSX-1 1 9. AirPro E1 -78dBm N/A >10dB PP G.703 1 10 SkyWy Bridg -75dBm 1 set of an 11dB PP,MP Serial 4 at 4Mbps 11 chip code Ethernt 11 SkyplexI -89dBm 8 sets of 12dB PP,MP V35,RS422 1 15 chip codes RS-530 12 SkyplexII -91dBm 2 sets of 10dB PP V.35 1 14 chip codes 13 Lynx.sc2 T1 -94dBm 4 sets of >10dB PP DSX-1 1,6,7 sc2 E1 -93dBm 127 chip codes G.703 14 Lynx.sc6 T1 -93dBm 4 sets of >10dB PP DSX-1 1,6,7 sc6 E1 -92dBm 127 chip codes G.703 15 Lynx.sc2frac -95dBm 4 sets of >10dB PP Serial 1,6,7 sc6frac 127 chip codes 16 KarlBridge -80dBm 1 set of an 11dB PP,MP Ethernt 2,4,5 11 chip code 8,9 17 Model 100-2 -91dBm 2 sets of an 10.7dB PP V35,DSX1 1,4 100-5 11 chip code G.703 18 RadioWire -92dBm >20,000 sets 15dB PP,MP Serial 1,10,11 32,768 chip codes Ethernt 19 AIRLAN200E -84dBm 1 set of an 11dB PP,MP Ethernt 4,12 11 chip code 20 AIRLAN203E -82dBm 1 set of an 11dB PP,MP Ethernt 4,12 11 chip code 21 AIRLAN1000ES -84dBm 8 sets of 11dB PP Ethernt 13 32 chip codes 22 LongRang2020 -92dBm 6 sets of 15dB PP,MP Serial 1,14 32 chip codes 23 SpeedLan10 -84dBm 8 sets of 12dB PP,MP Ethernt 3,15 32 chip codes 24 HopprPlus915 -93dBm 1 set of an 11dB PP,MP Ethernt 1,4,16 11 chip code 25 HopprPls2.4 -93dBm 1 set of an 11dB PP,MP Ethernt 1,4,16 Notes: * At a bit-error-rate (BER) of 10[-6] or less. 1 Uses own proprietary radio design 2 Uses NCR WaveLAN Radio 3 Uses Clarion Radio 4 Performs direct sequence spreading similar to that described in the IEEE 802.11 standard 5 Requires amplifier to reach a 10 mile range (incl in price) 6 Have actual customer installations operating at 50-85+ mile range 7 Radios operate in true full-duplex mode, using different channels for transmit and receive 8 Karlnet bridge/routing software is supplied on an OEM basis to several other vendors. It aggregates short Ethernet frames into long packets for more efficient airwaves transmission, handles error checking and re-transmissions and performs point to multi point polling 9 Price includes bridge function only. Add $250 for router function 10 Patented design allows very fast sync times (initial sync = 5 sec average/ re-sync = 10 microsec). Large number of code sets and very long chipping sequences provide extraordinary interference rejection and security. 11 Price shown is for 10 mile range with standard helical antenna. Add $300 for reflector needed to achieve 25 mile range 12 Choice of radios, including NCR WaveLAN 13 Choice of radios, including Clarion 14 Operates in Direct Sequence mode, but when interference exceeds tolerable level, radio automatically hops to different channel 15 Price shown is for 12 mile range, And $2,500 for high gain antenna needed to achieve 25 mile range 16 Proprietary radio receiver design provides high signal discrimination and interference rejection Vendor Information Aironet Wireless Communications, Inc. 367 Ghent Road (Suite 300) Fairlawn, OH 44333 Tel: 800-394-7353 330-664-7900 Fax: 330-664-7922 E-mail: sales@aironet.com Website: http://www.aironet.com Breeze Wireless Communications Inc. 2195 Faraday Ave. (Suite A) Carlsbad, CA 92008 Tel: 760-431-9880 Fax: 760-431-2595 E-mail: sales@breezecom.com Website: http://www.breezecom.com C-Spec Corporation 20 Marco Lane Dayton, OH 45458 Tel: 800-462-7732 937-439-2882 Fax: 937-439-2358 E-mail: sales@c-spec.com Website: http://www.c-spec.com Cylink Corporation 910 Hermosa Court Sunnyvale, CA 94086 Tel: 408-735-5800 Fax: 408-735-6643 E-mail: info@cylink.com Website: http://www.cylink.com Digital Ocean, Inc. 11206 Thompson Ave. Lenexa, KS 66219-2303 Tel: 800-345-3474 913-888-3380 Fax: 913-888-3342 E-mail: marketing@digitalocean.com Website: http://www.digitalocean.com Digital Transmission Systems, Inc. 3000 Northwoods Parkway (Bldg. 330) Norcross, GA 30071 Tel: 770-798-1300 Fax: 770-798-1325 E-mail: info@dtsx.com Website: http://www.dtsx.com Glenayre Western Multiplex 1196 Borregas Ave. Sunnyvale, CA 94089-1302 Tel: 408-542-5200 Fax: 408-542-5300 Website: http://www.glenayre.com Karlnet, Inc. 5030 Postelwaite Road Columbus, OH 43225-3450 Tel: 614-457-5275 Fax: 614-442-7599 E-mail: sales@karlnet.com Website: http://www.karlnet.com P-Com, Inc. 3175 S. Winchester Blvd. Campbell, CA 95008 Tel: 800-646-7266 408-866-3666 Fax: 408-866-3655 Website: http://www.p-com.com RadioConnect Corporation 6041 Bristol Parkway Culver City, CA 90230 Tel: 310-338-3388 Fax: 310-338-3399 E-mail: info@radioconnect.com Website: http://www.radioconnect.com Solectek 6370 Nancy Ridge Drive (Suite 109) San Diego, CA 92121-3212 Tel: 800-437-1518 619-450-1220 Fax: 619-457-2681 E-mail: sales@solectek.com Website: http://www.solectek.com Utilicom, Inc. 323 Love Place Goleta, CA 93117 Tel: 805-964-5848 Fax: 805-964-5706 E-mail: info@utilicom.com Website: http://www.utilicom.com Wave Wireless 1748 Independence Blvd. (Suite C-5) Sarasota, FL 34234 Tel: 800-721-9283 941-358-9283 Fax: 941-355-0219 E-mail: web@the-wave-wireless.com Website: http://www.the-wave-wireless.com Wi-LAN Inc. 801 Manning Road NE (Suite 300) Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2E 8J5 Tel: 800-258-6876 403-273-9133 Fax: 403-273-5100 E-mail: info@wi-lan.com Website: http://www.wi-lan.com